Investigating the Influence of Urbanization on Pollinator-Plant Interactions in Metropolitan Areas

Abstract

Urbanization, with its profound impact on landscapes and ecosystems, poses significant challenges to pollinator-plant interactions. This study examines how varying levels of urbanization affect these crucial ecological relationships in metropolitan areas. We compared pollinator diversity, behavior, and interaction networks between highly urbanized areas and non-urban control sites. Using standardized sampling techniques and interaction network analysis, we found that urbanization generally leads to reduced native pollinator species richness and altered foraging behaviors. Pollinators in urban environments exhibited shorter visit durations and less efficient foraging, likely due to higher temperatures and pollution levels. Interaction networks in urban areas were less complex, with fewer and weaker connections between plant species and pollinators. These disruptions highlight the negative impacts of urbanization on ecosystem functioning and plant reproduction. Our findings suggest that while some urban areas support diverse pollinator communities, overall, urbanization disrupts essential ecological interactions. To mitigate these effects, we recommend enhancing green spaces, using native plants, and reducing pesticide use in urban planning. This study underscores the need for strategies that balance urban development with ecological health to support sustainable urban ecosystems.