A REVIEW ARTICLE ON DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM (DS-SS)

Abstract

Security has long been a challenging concern in wireless networks, largely because of the communication nature of broadcast. This opens up easy but efficient steps to prevent useful contact between radios that are legal. Spread spectrum technologies have been developed as effective countermeasures against, for instance, jamming attacks, such as direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). Using physical layer attributes, keyless DSSS mechanisms and watermarked DSSS (WDSSS) systems, this paper explores previous research on securing a DSSS channel even further. The former was motivated by the fact that the establishment and sharing of the hidden spread sequence between the transmitter and the receiver without being detected by adversaries is still an open issue. The basic concept of the above is to leverage the redundancy inherent in the spreading method of DSSS to embed information about watermarks. For an intelligent attacker who obtains the spread sequence to produce fake messages, it can be considered a counter measure (authentication). An adaptive DSSS scheme that takes into account both jam resistance and communication efficiency is also introduced and evaluated in this paper.